5.9.1 Bibliography

  • [1] AI Expert Network. Case study: Zara's comprehensive approach to AI and supply chain management. aiexpert.network.
  • [2] Cascale (2025). Higg MSI v3.11 release: new cotton data and expanded material categories. cascale.org.
  • [3] Deloitte (2026). European Sustainability Reporting, Omnibus legislative developments and updates to the ESRS. dart.deloitte.com.
  • [4] ecoinvent Association. ecoinvent life cycle inventory database. ecoinvent.org.
  • [5] EU Textiles Ecosystem Platform (2026). ESRS simplification under the CSRD Omnibus package. transition-pathways.europa.eu.
  • [6] European Commission (2025). New EU rules for measuring the environmental impact of clothes and shoes, PEFCR Apparel & Footwear v3.1. environment.ec.europa.eu.
  • [7] European Commission. Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) method. green-forum.ec.europa.eu.
  • [8] FinancialContent (2026). Zara's quiet AI revolution: streamlining fashion from inventory to styling. financialcontent.com.
  • [9] GreenDelta. openLCA open-source life cycle assessment software. openlca.org.
  • [10] ISO 14021:2016; ISO 14024:2018; ISO 14025:2006. Environmental labels and declarations (types II, I, III). International Organization for Standardization.
  • [11] ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006. Environmental management, Life cycle assessment: principles, framework, requirements and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization.
  • [12] ISO 14046:2014. Environmental management, Water footprint. International Organization for Standardization.
  • [13] Qian, W., Ji, X., Xu, P., Wang, L. (2021). Carbon footprint and water footprint assessment of virgin and recycled polyester textiles. Textile Research Journal, 91(21–22), 2468–2475.
  • [14] SGS (2025). EU officially approves PEFCR version 3.1 for apparel and footwear. sgs.com.
  • [15] Textile Exchange (2025). Materials Market Report 2025. textileexchange.org.
  • [16] Thomasnet. H&M, Zara, fast fashion turn to artificial intelligence to transform the supply chain. thomasnet.com.
  • [17] UKFT (2025). Update on the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF). ukft.org.
  • [18] White & Case (2025). Simplified, not abandoned: EU corporate sustainability after the Omnibus I package. whitecase.com.
  • [19] Worldly (2024). Higg MSI methodology. worldly.io.
  • [20] ZDHC Foundation. ZDHC Gateway chemical management platform. roadmaptozero.com.
  • Software, platforms and web resources linked in this chapter:
  • [21] GaBi.
  • [22] GOTS.
  • [23] OEKO-TEX® Standard 100.
  • [24] SimaPro.
  • [25] TENCEL™.
  • [26] Otto Group / Google Cloud (2024). AI-based demand forecasting and autonomous stock replenishment. https://www.otto.de/unternehmen/en/technologie.
  • [27] Carbonfact (2026). Product-level environmental data and CSRD/ESPR reporting for fashion; acquisition of Vaayu. ESG Today: https://www.esgtoday.com/carbonfact-acquires-fashion-sustainability-software-provider-vaayu/.
  • [28] Zalando. Machine-learning inventory allocation and returns optimization.

5.9.2 Glossary

  • 1. ML, Machine Learning: models that learn patterns from data to predict.
  • 2. Demand forecasting, predicting future sales at product level to plan production.
  • 3. Supply chain optimization, using data to decide sourcing, allocation and replenishment.
  • 4. SKU, Stock Keeping Unit: a single distinct product variant.
  • 5. Safety stock, buffer inventory held to absorb demand uncertainty.
  • 6. Replenishment, restocking based on real-time sales signals.
  • 7. Higg MSI, Materials Sustainability Index: a shared material-impact database.
  • 8. KPI, Key Performance Indicator: a quantified metric of performance.
  • 9. CSRD, Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive: EU sustainability-disclosure rules.
  • 10. ESG, Environmental, Social and Governance: the dimensions of sustainability reporting.
  • 11. Emission factor, a coefficient converting activity data into environmental impact.
Last modified: Wednesday, 9 September 2026, 9:52 PM